Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)

Restless legs syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis-Ekbom disease, is the most common sleep-related movement disorder, and is characterized by the uncomfortable urge to move the legs and is frequently accompanied by abnormal sensations.⁷ It commonly occurs during the evening or night, particularly when the individual is at rest, and for this reason, most patients with RLS have difficulties falling asleep and/or staying asleep.⁷

The cause of RLS is complex and not completely understood, but has been associated with (but not limited to) iron deficiency, pregnancy, chronic kidney failure,, multiple sclerosis, polyneuropathy, Parkinson Disease, major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.⁷ There are also various conditions that can mimic RLS.

Treatment of RLS depends on the impact that RLS symptoms have on overall function and quality of life - including its effects on sleep, and is individualized, as symptoms can vary greatly over time, with periods of exacerbation alternating with remission. ⁷ If a cause or exacerbating factor can be identified, that should be addressed and treated as appropriate.

RLS is not the same as sleep-related leg cramps. These cramps are the involuntary, painful contraction of the lower limb muscles, followed by sudden hardness or tightness while in bed, although it may arise from either wakefulness or sleep. Because of the pain caused by the cramp, the patient usually stretches and massages the muscles, changes positions and/or gets out of bed. This is considered a disorder when the frequency or intensity of the cramps impacts sleep quality.⁷